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L Calza, BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
M Fernandez, BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
L Giardino, BioPharmaNet-DIMORFIPA, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy

Correspondence: Laura Calza, Email: laura.calza{at}unibo.it

Abstract

Brain and spinal cord repair is a very difficult task in view of the extremely limited repair capability of the mature CNS. Thus, cellular therapies are regarded as a new frontier for both acute and chronic neurological diseases characterized by neuron or oligodendroglial degeneration. Although cell replacement has been considered as the primary goal of such approaches, in the recent years greater attention has been devoted to the possibility that new undifferentiated cells in damaged nervous tissue might also act in autocrine-paracrine fashion, regulating the microenvironment through the release of growth factor and cytokines, also regulating immune response and local inflammation. In this review, repair of demyelinating disease using endogenous cells will be discussed in view of the critical role played by thyroid hormones (THs) during developmental myelination, focusing on the following points: 1. endogenous stem and precursor cells during demyelinating diseases; 2. TH homeostasis in the CNS; 3. cellular and molecular mechanism regulated by TH during developmental myelination; 4. a working hypothesis to develop a rationale for the use of THs to improve remyelination through endogenous stem and precursor cells in the course of demyelinating diseases.