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¹ Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
² Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Building 10, Room 5A01, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

(Correspondence should be addressed to N Sharifi; Email: nima.sharifi{at}nih.gov)

The transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) pathway plays dual roles in cancer, inhibiting epithelial cell growth under normal physiologic conditions, but promoting invasion and metastasis once growth inhibitory responses are lost. Two recent papers show that TGF-ß receptor III is the most common TGF-ß pathway component downregulated in prostate cancer. Here, we discuss the implications of these findings and what it may mean about the biology of this disease.