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¹ Fugu Genomics group, MRC-HGMP Resource Centre, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
² Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal

(Requests for offprints should be addressed to M S Clark who is currently at British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK; Email: mscl{at}bas.ac.uk)

^* These authors contributed equally to this work.

Two principal groups of receptors orthologous with human PAC₁R and VPAC₁R and were identified and characterised at the genomic level in the teleost fish Fugu rubripes. An additional group orthologous with VPAC₂R was also identified and partially characterised. In Fugu, gene duplication of each of the PAC₁Rs, VPAC₁Rs and VPAC₂Rs appears to have occurred. The topology of the tree surrounding the Fugu duplications and other isolated piscine sequences indicates that the duplication events for these six genes clearly preceded the speciation event leading to the Cypriniformes and Tetraodontiformes and is probably teleost-specific. Overall, the combined pattern of gene expression for each pair of duplicated genes mirrored the expression in other vertebrates. However, within each pair of duplicates further specialisation had occurred, with each demonstrating differential tissue distribution profiles suggesting they that may be responsible for the divergent action of the ligands, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). The Fugu VPAC₁R gene regions showed conserved synteny with human chromosome 3p21.3 and also C. elegans chromosome X, indicating that the putative ancestral human chromosome 3 region may be equivalent to chromosome X in Caenorhabditis elegans.

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